Hi ho! Hi ho! It’s back to Medtronic I go

Medtronic MM780G and Simplera Sensors
(Apple watch not included)

Hello. It’s been a while!

The embryonic posts I had in my mind about living with the Tandem tSlim never seemed to manage to make it to the top of the ‘to do’ pile, and remain unwritten - which I'm sure was a relief all round. But there’s nothing quite like a deadline to spur a (largely ex-) graphic designer into action. And tomorrow I am awaiting the delivery of my new insulin pump, as the warranty on my Tandem tSlim has elapsed. So it felt like a long overdue blog post could no longer be avoided.

Interestingly the ‘new’ pump isn’t particularly new at all. It’s the pump I rejected in favour of the tSlim 4 years ago. This might surprise some people. So why am I not sticking with the tSlim? Or joining the ever-growing horde of podders? But no, for me it’s the venerable MM780G, but with the fancy new Simplera sensors.

So Long tSlim

Confusion about my choice of ‘new’ (old) pump might be even more confusing because I have repeatedly said that I’ve never had better results than with the tSlim. My overnight readings in particular have been spectacularly good, very stable, and never required the alarm/calibration acrobatics that plagued my last days with my MM640G. Automated night mode suited me brilliantly, and I just expect to wake between 5.5-6.5mmol/L every day.

Non-shabby 90 Day Results

Control IQ added approximately 10-15% to my average ‘time in range’ which I choose to set 3.9-9.0mmol/L. My previous general 70-80% has become more like 80-95% most days. This is pretty spectacular with something as fickle, contrary, and annoying as Type 1 Diabetes.

Dexcom G6 mostly tracks my BG levels brilliantly. While I was self-funding (for approx 3 out of my 4 tSlim years) I was able to stretch most sensors to run for 20 days with a viable and solid flow of data, that I was confident to use for most corrections, alerts, and bolus calculations.

So in many ways, I am really happy with the system, and have certainly seen significant improvements from running a hybrid closed loop system. I’d really not want to go back to a pump which isn’t integrated with a sensor and making adjustments.

If anyone is considering the tSlim, I’d say go for it. It’s a very smart-looking and smart-behaving insulin pump. And it might really suit you well.

So why the switch?

Good question! With diabetes gadgets and gizmos over the years I’ve found that the devil is very much in the teeny tiny details. And that even something that’s brilliant, and well regarded, can somehow just not ‘click’ with you and your particular diabetes’ foibles.

This seems to be doubly true with algorithms.

An algorithm is based on a way they expect a person’s diabetes to behave. And how much of an adjustment that person might need to steer things in the right direction in any given set of circumstances. Your own individual diabetes may, of course, have other ideas. But commercial systems being what they are, they don’t really want to offer you much in the way of adjustment or personalisation. It is what it is.

Pretty soon after starting in the tSlim (with only Basal IQ at that stage) I observed that their predictive low-glucose suspend acted much later, and switched off much earlier than the one I’d been using on the MM640G for several years. There were a gradually phased series of basal reductions before a full suspend (really my body needs a full shut-off from the start), and the insulin resumed very soon after an up-tick in sensor values was seen. This was good in the sense that I didn’t have any of those occasional teeth-grindingly frustrating high BG alerts following an over-long suspend. But it was a bit rubbish, on balance, because only the most gentle downward-drifts were caught in time for me. Even when I activated ‘Exercise Mode’ for such strenuous exertion as wandering round to the shops.

In the old days I’d have set a Temporary Basal Rate to start things off early. But Hybrid Closed Loops don’t let your set TBRs, because... well... they are supposed to be doing all that stuff for you.

I experimented with setting essentially a fake TBR basal profile of 0.1u/hr for the 24 hours and activating that at the start of dog walks and such... But then, inevitably, I’d forget to switch back when I got home, because TBRs had always just cancelled themselves after a set time. Following an update of the Control IQ software I was able to completely suspend the pump for a defined number of minutes after which it alerts to restart. This was OK, but for reasons I cannot really understand this also silences any alarms of impending hypo/dropping BGs the pump might helpfully provide if basal-suspend isn’t enough on its own, and levels are getting a bit close to the edge.

Dex lag and alarm fatigue

Initially I was blown away by how well the Dexcom G6 tracked my BG levels. Whenever I did a ‘how are things going’ cross-check the results between fingerstick (Contour XT) and Dexcom G6 were only ever a few tenths of a mmol/L out. This gave me huge confidence. But at some stage in the first year I observed that the problems I was having with the late action of tSlim’s predictive low-glucose suspend were being compounded by a distinct lag between capillary glucose and sensor glucose. This isn’t news to me, and I understand exactly why this lag exists, but Dexcom seemed more reluctant to respond to changing values than any other sensor I had used. Almost as if part of it’s ability to match capillary glucose so well when things were stable was bound up in taking extra values and only updating sensor glucose every 5 minutes - perhaps it just waits until it's sure? For me Dexcom G6 is almost always a whole 10 minutes behind moving glucose. And when a ‘this hasn’t worked’ Control IQ alert is happening only 15 minutes before levels dip below 4.0 (and that ’15 minutes’ is what was happening 10 minutes ago) well... some of my increased number of low-level hypos were easily explained. From 1% below 4.0mmol/L to frequently more like 3 - 3.5% - still on target, but I've worked hard to restore flagging hypo awareness and this really can't help.

When is a 4.2 not a 4.2? When it's 10 minutes later

Added to that there were challenges at the other end too. I’d get told that the basal suspend wasn’t enough and to take preventative action after I was already low, and then 10-15 minutes later be told that levels hadn’t recovered, which prompted me to re-treat. Only to then discover that actually that hypo-treatment had been enough, and that the double-treatment was now gleefully pushing me into the teens. Maybe 5-minute updates 10 minutes behind reality are OK for some people - but when I really need to know how things are moving at the sharp end of hypo-dodging, they were causing me frustration and treatment errors.

The upshot was that pretty early-on I had to take the up reins of hypo-dodging myself again. I set my ‘low alert’ at 5.2mmol/L because (10 minutes behind), that gave me enough time to take action if necessary - with a sensor reading 5.2 and dropping I could easily be low 4s when the alarm sounded and need some rapid glucose to steer away from the 3s. I had the alarm repeat at 30 minute intervals, so that I’d get a reminder to recheck to see any action I’d taken had worked.

But of course it might be that I was just pootling along in the 5s. Getting little warbly nags every 30 minutes. Which was quite annoying.

Even more annoying

But nothing like as annoying as the tSlim’s attempts to actively sabotage my hypo-dodging efforts. Alongside a rapid resumption of the basal profile, the tSlim has, on multiple occasions, delivered a mini-bolus just as my levels were returning to safety after a hypo treatment(!). For meal mis-calculations, or dose-timing errors it never seemed quite so enthusiastic, or effective, at turning around a rising BG, but getting another low alert in the high-4s on a dog walk or while gardening, having successfully treated the last one - and then finding out that it was the tSlim that had caused it with a completely unnecessary mini-bolus, was the inspiration behind some particularly florid and lively outpourings of language over the past 4 years. I asked my consultant whether they knew of workaround/setting to prevent this. Alas none was available. So I had to hugely down-grade my correction factor during the likely hours of evening dog walk, which of course means Control IQ can’t work ‘properly’ during those times when dog walks have happened at other times. And again, setting or not setting ‘Exercise’ mode doesn’t seem to be the fix.

The hollow squares are tSlim autoboluses

 

Better results, but more effort

So yes, I have had better results, and the tSlim has handled many things really well for me. But the alarm fatigue has been pretty tough going. I’ve had a much higher numbers of non-severe hypos than I was used to on the MM640G, and I really miss the discovery that my pump has fixed something for me after the fact, quietly, in the background, with no alarms or notifications required.

Hopes for the MM780G

It was the memory of weeks and weeks with no sub-4 numbers that got me wondering about returning to Medtronic, and giving their hybrid closed loop a try. The pump is the same format, and the chassis is still as clunky and grim as ever (though I’ll be glad to have a screen that’s visible in sunlight again - the tSlim is awful in daylight), but they have updated the software, so it's not exactly like going back in time 4 years.

Medtronic G3 sensors never worked well for me and needed frequent calibration, including overnight. I gather the G4s were significantly better, and I have high hopes for the new Simplera sensors that I’ll be starting on.

I know quite a few people on the MM780G, and almost without exception they seem to get on very well with it. I know there will be frustrations and annoyances - there always are. But I’m hopeful I may be able to experience some of the “spending less lime thinking about diabetes” that others mention. On the tSlim I think I’ve had to think more - constantly checking up on what it’s doing, and fixing some very silly decisions it was making from time to time.

I’ll let you know how I get on.

Hybrid Closed Loop Insulin Pumps (Artificial Pancreas) - The Basics

Hello!

It's been a while eh?!

Sorry about that. Truth be told, it's all got rather busy for me, and actually since my last post in my early months on the Tandem tSlim x2, my diabetes has mercifully faded into the background a little, and while still very annoying, hasn't really given me all that much to write about.

But this week has seen the release of something really quite exciting, that I hadn't even realised was happening. It seems those smart cookies at NICE have been munching the clinical trial data and developing a Technology Appraisal for Hybrid Closed Loop insulin pumps (which is the latest bit of tech to be enthusiastically called 'the artificial pancreas', none of which so far are much like having an actual artificial pancreas, but I digress...).

NICE TA10845 is now out for consultation so that stakeholders can review it and make suggestions or ask some pointy questions before publication. It's the same process that the 2015 NICE Guidelines for Adults with T1 which I worked on went through. But what's potentially exciting about a Technology Appraisal, is that while NICE Guidelines are just that - an indication of what the evidence shows to be the better approaches - TAs potentially have more clout, and if the clinician decides that the TA recommends a treatment option for a particular person the funding has to be provided. If the draft is published in its current form it has the potential to open the door to the previously hen's teeth elusive pump-and-CGM combination to around 25% of people living with type 1 diabetes in the UK.

Of course some of these people may have little knowledge of this combination of technologies which has been around for a while, but access to which (certainly with funded CGM) has been notoriously difficult to obtain. And there's quite a bit to get your head around, because it's a combination of several different bits of diabetes kit all working together, but not completely automatically. For all the claims of 'artificial pancreas', there are still quite a few things that you need to do to as the wearer.

From my own experience, having some of my diabetes kit actively helping me out, and looking out for me has been a huge help and a massive leap forward. A hybrid closed loop can't do everything, but it really helps me smooth off the edges of my blood glucose guesswork. It gives me much more confidence, and my results have never been better. I'd find it very difficult to go back, even if (as seems likely from the draft criteria) I still need to self-fund my CGM sensors.

A year or two ago Diabetes UK were putting together an introduction to Hybrid Closed Loops, for which I recorded a bit of video. However in the end it was far too waffly for Diabetes UK to use, so they interviewed me for a few comments instead. But this recent announcement has seemed like the perfect opportunity to inflict it on the world. Sorry about that.

So here is a basic overview of what a Hybrid Closed Loop insulin pump is, how it works, and what it's actually like to live with.

Watch this a little larger on my YouTube channel.

Hype or Hope? Dexcom, Tandem tSlim review and 2020 round-up

Wait... hang on... December 31st? That can't be right! Have we actually had a year this year? And how come any of the things that happened this year seem to have happened at least 18 months ago? No time has passed. But it has passed at a snail's pace. And at the same time we've all become accustomed to living completely different lives.

Doing a sort of round-up post for the year that never happened doesn't seem worthwhile. There are only so many times I can talk about avoiding a Zoom-based diabetes thing before I'm going to run out of waffle. Yes even me.

tldr; 2020 was a bit pants. But I really like the tSlim and Dex.

Tandem tSlim with Dexcom G6

Out with the old
I've been meaning to write a post or three about my experiences of the Dexcom G6 and my switch to the Tandem tSlim:x2 (and subsequent upgrade from Basal IQ to Control IQ) since the Summer, but for all sorts of reasons that series of posts never arrived. I have lots of pics of pump and graph cluttering up my phone that were apparently going to eloquently show something or other, but it's all so long ago now that I can't really remember what it was I was going to say.

I am self-funding Dexcom G6 sensors, and it was the first time I had used Dexcom. Such is the relentlessness of the positivity around Dex, that I think secretly I might have been hoping that I wouldn't find it all that special. 

I sprung for the 'starter pack' which gives an official 30-day's worth of coverage before I committed to going for the tSlim, so that if my body chemistry didn't get on with the Dex I could opt for Medtronic's MM670G (or similar) with self-funded Guardian G3 sensors. I had always got on well with Enlites and to some extent G3s too, and I was pretty sure that I would have got on well with the MM670G if that was what I'd gone for.

Inserting the Dexcom sensors was really straightforward, and initially I ran the sensors with my iPhone (not yet having taken the plunge on the pump). They restarted easily, and I didn't even have to faff about with unpeeling tapes and removing the transmitter thanks to these instructions. What really struck me though, was how well the factory calibrated G6 tracked fingerstick results from my Contour Next Link 2.4 meter (still my go-to BG meter). The first few days were uncanny. Spooky even. It didn't appear to be hype at all - generally Dexcom was reading only a few decimal points away from any fingerstick I took.

Even a Dexcom G6 lags a little now and then

Reassuringly though, I did see a characteristic post-hypo-sensor-lag on about the 3rd day, where the Dex stubbornly continued bleating about low BG for 5-10 minutes after I was back above 4. So it was a regular CGM and not witchcraft after all. It was just that it was a really good CGM for me.

Joking aside, those early excellent matched pairs (against fingerstick checks) really helped me trust it as a new bit of kit though. 

And even better, while the factory calibration is excellent for me, and I've all but given up cross-checking with fingersticks, if I *need* to recalibrate the Dexcom G6 because it has drifted a little... I can! 

After a few weeks with the Dexcom I was confident to put in my request to switch to the Tandem tSlim when the warranty ran out on Threepio.

Switching to the Tandem tSlim:x2

I affectionately called my first insulin pump robot counterpart 'Artoo' (R2P2 - replacement to my pancreas #2), and kept with the Star Wars theme with my MM640G as 'Threepio'.  This bit of kit promised to be wiser and much more autonymous though, so I've taken to calling it HAL (hybrid automated loop), though of course it would be much funnier if a certain tangerine diabetic had made that joke, [affects creepily calm synthetic robot voice] "What are you doing Dave? I'm afraid I can't let you eat that biscuit..." etc.

Staying in its box until I was trained up.

As all this was happening while the healthcare system was in some degree of chaos, and all those buzzwords like 'social distancing' were in full flow I wasn't sure how any kind of switchover was going to be able to happen - but in the end, in classic 2020 style I did my pump training via a video call having had the box of goodies delivered direct to my house.

I had a few weeks with Basal IQ before switching to the smarter Control IQ. Both worked well for me, and each have their own idiosyncracies. I have tried to do as little fiddling as possible, taking an initial 7 days to see how each got on when left to their own devices to try to learn what they are good at, and where they struggle. Also learning how to give them the right information to get the best results.

For those outside the Tandem bubble (seriously 2020? another word you've mangled?!), Basal IQ is Tandem's 'predictive low glucose suspend' algorithm, which stops basal insulin in order to try to reduce risk of hypos. Basal IQ is a little more responsive I feel than Smartguard on my MM640G. In that it can turn on and off more quickly, and doesn't have a minumim duration or enforced gap after it has completed. There was a major irritation for me when running the Basal IQ algorithm in that the tSlim moaned at you if you set a 0% TBR, though ot was more than happy to set one itself. Indeed, the tSlim got very grumpy if a TBR was set that was less than 50% of your lowest basal rate. A degree of warbling which was as unwanted as it was unnecessary.

This irritation was short lived though, as I soon upgraded to Control IQ. One of the nice things about the tSlim is that you can plug it into a computer and upgrade the software on the pump. Which means that if they release fancier, smarter, or even just mildly less irritating versions of the pump software, then you don't have to wait until 4 years have passed to take advantage. All I need now is to find the email address of the person to send my Helpful Suggestions to, for inclusion in the next release 😉

Conclusions

I guess I've been on the tSlim a little short of 6 months now, and I can honestly say that I am really glad I made the switch. I loved the MM640G, but the clunkiness of the Medtronic chassis, and some of the million-presses-UX-interface-tedium was wearing me down. Plus the newer G3 sensors were a bit more flaky and prone to overnight calibration requests for me. There are things about the tSlim I would hope would improve - not least the reservoir filling, which is every bit as fiddly as people say. Their reservoirs really need re-engineering so that the 'white dot' behaves more reliably (tSlim users will know what I mean). 

And what of results? Well I've not really that the nerd-energy for much actual data comparison, but going on gut feeling I would estimate that the tSlim has bumped my TIR (time spent between 4.0 and 9mmol/L) by somewhere between 5% and 15%. What used to be a really good week of results is rapidly becoming pretty normal. Control IQ still needs watching as it often responds a little later than I need, and it's not perhaps as 'hands off' as I was hoping it might be, but Control IQ really nails the little adjustments for me. It struggles with circumstances which are a bit wobblier, but it seems very good at optimising gentle drifts. Overnight with Sleep Mode has been spectacularly good. Almost no alarms, and almost always waking in the 5s to 7s.

Gotta be happy with 28/30 days above 80% TIR

It will be really interesting to see if this has had any kind of effect on my HbA1c, but to be honest, I increasingly find A1c a poor proxy for how I feel my diabetes management is going from month to month. It may still be seen as an important stat as far as research goes, but I'd far rather focus on the ebb, flow, and varying proportions of BG values that lie behind it. But that's another post I'll probably never get around to writing...

Here's hoping for a peaceful, healthy, happy and significantly more stable 2021 for us all.

Guest Post: From Dx to X2 (Tandem T:Slim) by Robert S

This is a guest post by Robert S who dropped me a line via FaceTwit as he had been  writing down his 'diabetes story' but didn't have a blog to share it on. Apparently he has been good enough (or mad enough?) to read my ramblings in the past and offered it as a guest post for sharing here. His story echoes much of my own, and I am very interested to read that he has chosen the Tandem T:slim X2 insulin pump out of the current offerings, as that is one I have quietly got my eye on too. Here is Robert's story. Enjoy!

Tandem T:slim X2

My Diabetes Story, by Robert S

I was diagnosed in 1994 at the age of 38, about 10 years after my older sister who had (eventually) been diagnosed at a similar age. I was given a number of very vague, unhelpful leaflets & sent on my way.

I spent the next few years religiously taking insulin as instructed but with pretty poor results.

Diabetes clinics were a trial for me, with many 'must do betters' but precious little advice on how to achieve this. Several times I was mistaken for type 2 & had some very odd conversations. I probably presented as typical type 2, middle aged and overweight, and most people at the clinic were type 2. However they clearly hadn't read my notes which didn't inspire confidence.

I was divorced during this period so I was very much dealing with it on my own.

The internet arrived & eventually I discovered diabetes forums. Wow, what a revelation! There were other people having the same problems as me. A LOT of people! Bad news for them but a great relief that it wasn't just me.

Importantly some of these people were working to improve their diabetes & describing how.

At the time of my diagnosis carbohydrate 'exchanges' seemed to be going out of favour but for me, at least, carb counting was a very vague concept.

The forums prompted me to do the online carb counting course set up by Bournemouth Diabetes & Endocrinology Centre (BDEC). It didn't solve all my problems but for the first time I felt I had a method for moving forward.

By this time I had moved from 'Humulin I' & 'Humulin S' to a basal/bolus regime, which also helped.

My GP surgery contacted me suggesting that they monitor my diabetes now they had a Diabetes Nurse. Being rather disillusioned by my experiences in the clinic system I accepted.

I enjoy programming & wrote software for my phone to record everything & do some basic dosage computations. My HbA1c had never been really terrible, usually in the low 8s (8% or 64mmol/mol, Ed), but I honestly don't know how. Some hard work got it down to the mid 7s (7.5% or 59mmol/mol, Ed).

So the situation had improved somewhat & I felt more in control.

Sadly, another event encouraged my efforts, as my sister died from diabetic complications at the age of 64.

From the beginning hypos were an almost daily event. The worst being overnight. I've always had good hypo warnings, but at night hypos tend to progress further & I would wake up soaked in sweat.

By 2013 though, the overnight hypos seemed to be worse. I discussed it with the diabetes nurse at my GP practice but the best advice was always eat some supper & don't go to bed below 8mmol/L. I was already doing this.

I'd read about Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) which looked very interesting, but were way too expensive for me and, I noted, you still needed to do finger sticks.

Things came to a head on Boxing Day night 2013. I was away staying (alone) in a hotel & I woke up with a hypo around 1:30. Dragged myself out of bed managed to force a some glucose tablets & a biscuit down me & fell asleep. The next thing I knew I was waking curled up in a ball under the duvet, sweating yet shivering to the point where my teeth were chattering continuously. The worst thing was that I couldn't move to do anything about it. Eventually I fell asleep wondering if I'd wake up.

I decided to self fund a Dexcom G4, at least for a while. By the end of January 2014 I was wearing my first CGM. I watched it obsessively. On the second day I attended a graduation ceremony and was offered a glass of Bucks Fizz & a blueberry muffin. I thought I was being sensible & only ate about a third of the muffin & bolused for it. The effect on my blood sugars was fascinating. I watched as the graph went up, & up & up. I don't remember how high but it was an eye opener.

Initially it was more about the alarms which warned me in time to stop low blood sugars. Still annoying at night but I no longer woke up sweating.

I began to learn from the readings. The first big thing I noticed was a fairly consistent dip in my blood sugars around 1:30 to 2:30 in the morning. This made it difficult get my overnight average to a sensible level & went some way to explaining the nocturnal hypos. I tried varying the time that I was injecting my basal (Lantus) moving it from evening to morning, or splitting the dose. Nothing was really satisfactory.

Someone in the DOC (Diabetes Online Community) suggested changing my basal insulin. After chatting to my GP I moved to Levemir. I had a lot of trouble sorting out the dose, being quite worried that I had to take so much more than I had of Lantus. It was a split dosage & gradual adjustments left morning/evening doses very different, but, it was working. I saw some fairly horizontal overnight graphs, something I'd never ever seen before.

This encouraged me & I also made other adjustments; splitting boluses for some meals, not being afraid to do corrections between meals & so on.

Nothing was perfect but I did feel more 'in control'. Things still went wrong but when they did I was confident I could put it right. My HbA1c went below 7% (53mmol/mol) for the first time.

Using online instructions I built a box of electronics which allowed my Dexcom sensor data to be transmitted to my mobile phone. Thanks to #WeAreNotWaiting I set up a NightScout website to display my data.

This was all great, but hard work. I was doing a lot of injections, up to 12 a day. Also absorption of my basal injections was rather erratic, sometimes as I would expect, sometimes not. The best location was my thigh, but despite rotating sites there were problems.

By this time I'd been reading about hybrid closed loop (artificial pancreas) systems. First the DIY systems OpenAPS, Loop, and AndroidAPS, then the first commercial system the Medtronic 670G. This was exciting stuff but it was clear that first you needed to have an insulin pump. I had in fact been offered one about 15 years before but was then horrified at the thought of being permanently connected to the thing.

I decided I would now like to try one. It was not something my GP surgery could sort out so I had to be referred back to the hospital. This proved to be a long process, several months. I still don't know why. Eventually it went through just before Christmas.

By the time I met up with the DSN at the hospital a month or so later I had all but convinced myself I was wasting my time as control was simply too good?

Sure enough the DSN was impressed with my readings but it didn't help my case. I pointed out that I was doing a lot of injections each day. Not relevant.

"How many hypos do you have?"
"Hardly any."
"Yes, but that's with the Dexcom you are funding?" This wonderful lady was on my side & looking to find a way.
"Lots, nasty ones, that's why I bought it"
"That's it! Now let's have a look at the pumps you could have."

What! Really! To be honest I would have accepted some dusty old pump from the back of a drawer..

But when I focused on what she was saying I could barely believe my ears. I'd done a lot of homework on pumps & she was mentioning the Medtronic MM640G & the most advanced, the 'Artificial Pancreas' MM670G.

Then she added the Tandem T:slim X2 to the list. Again I'd read about it but thought it was only available in the USA. Positively it would soon be linked to the Dexcom G6 I was already using. I love my G6 & it seems to compare favourably with the Medtronic sensors. (Not that I had any personal experience of them).

Uniquely the software (firmware) of the X2 can be updated & in the UK will soon include Basal-IQ, a system which automatically suspends insulin if it thinks you will go low. There is also the promise of a full hybrid closed loop option similar to the Medtronic 670G - again an over the internet update.

I made my decision; the T:slim X2. By mid March after a couple of training sessions, I walked out of the hospital attached to my pump. Very exciting & not a little nerve racking!

We had agreed a 30% reduction in the basal dosage compared to my Levemir. A profile was set up.

During the evening it became clear to me that this was still too much & changed to an 80% temporary basal rate (TBR).

My Dexcom woke me about 1:30. I dropped the temporary basal to 75% and had a small snack. Readings got 'stuck' in the low 4s & eventually I ate again and reduced to a 60% TBR.

So not much sleep but at least I was closer to the required dosage. One thing that I kept thinking that night was "How does anyone do this without a CGM??" Presumably they start with a much more conservative dosage.

I had worried about what to do with the pump at night, and it was a problem. Clipping it on my waistband sort of worked but it would slide along to an uncomfortable place or slip off completely. I now have a 'Spibelt' with a pocket for the pump which is much better.

A week in now & I'm doing remarkably well, some days over 90% of my readings have been 'in range' - between 3.9 & 9.9mmol/L. I know this is probably just a 'honeymoon period', having had type 1 for over 20 years I find I'm waiting for reality to reassert itself & everything to go wrong...

The pump itself is a very neat device. It is small & has a nice clear touch screen. If you are used to smartphones then it is easy to use. It seems well made, time will tell.

I've had some practice with temporary basal rates as mentioned but I've also been playing with 'Extended Boluses' a new concept to me, promising, but I need to experiment.

As with all pumps the big advantage is the same as the big disadvantage - namely that it is always connected to you. It's great that I don't have to remember my pens & I won't miss those injections - I stopped counting at about 50,000 several years ago.

A big advantage is that you have a record of every dose. No longer do I have to wonder 'Did I do that or not?'

There's also the precision of boluses & the in built Bolus Wizard (Calculator). I am learning to trust the IOB (Insulin On Board) figure on the pump. Previously I had tended to intervene too soon when blood sugars rose quickly.

I'm told that changing infusion sets on the X2 is slow, but it seems OK to me having never used anything else.

I'm looking forward to improving my settings & the upgrades mentioned above.

For the first time in my diabetic life I feel as though I am 'ahead of the game', and yes, I know I am lucky.

Diabetes has never been so interesting!

By Robert S.

T1D Rise of the Machines 2 - February 2019

Not the machines you are looking for... Public art near TechUK.

This time last week my mind was well and truly boggled by this point in the day by a torrent of information and the potential of shiny new things just around the corner (or already here). I was attending Type 1 Diabetes: Rise of the Machines #2 as a +1 of Kev Winchcombe, the #GBdoc's second favourite Nightscout Genius and holder of the Self Deprecating Diabetes Dad of the Year Award for the 9th consecutive year.

I'd heard a bit about the first Rise of the Machines last year and it sounded really interesting. The opportunity to go was actually very timely for me, because almost unbelievably this year sees the 4-year warranty expire on Threepio, my trusty and occasionally SmartGuarding MM640G insulin pump. As a result I am beginning to consider what options might present themselves for me to try next. The pace of change in diabetes technology seems so rapid at the moment that it's very hard to keep up with what has launched, versus what is being massively plugged but is still confined to the drawing board, versus what has technically launched but remains unavailable to anyone as no clinics either have them or are trained and equipped to dish them out. As an additional complication there are now various grassroots home grown combinations of different technologies that allow a degree of automation of insulin delivery (things like Loop, OpenAPS and AAPS). If you've never heard of any of this stuff prepare yourself for an impenetrable minefield of jargon, abbreviations and acronyms. Luckily for you Kev has put together a very handy dictionary of terms as part of T1resources.uk.

The main opportunities for improving T1 diabetes care are:
1. Improving the ability of a person to self-manage
2. Encouraging peer support
Everything else, whether technology, clinical, education or whatever falls into those categories

Partha Kar

After introductions from Ben Moody of TechUK and Dr Partha Kar, a packed programme of fascinating presentations followed. I took copious notes thinking I might write a detailed account, but in reality there was simply too much to cover here so you will be relieved to hear that you are only going to have to wade through what struck me as highlights.

Chris Bright

Chris Bright, semi-pro footballer and futsal supremo kicked things off with an engaging and inspiring PWD perspective. How different pieces of technology had formed part of his story with T1D, and supported him in exercise, activity and sport over the last 20 years, including the establishment of the Diabetes Football Community.

Next up were industry presentations by some familiar, and not-so-familiar names. Roche/Eversense, Abbott (Libre), Dexcom, then later Medtronic, Diabeloop and Tidepool. It was very interesting that many of the speakers from the companies lived with T1D themselves. The stories from the companies shared much in common. Technology is improving and continuing to improve. The more information (data) people have, generally the better they are able to manage their T1D. Some were able to talk about semi-automated insulin delivery and 'hybrid closed loops' which have either launched or are in the works.

Interoperability - buzz word of the day

One nice feature of the day was the round table discussions that took place after the presentation slots. The first of these involved the device manufacterer speakers who got something of a roasting from an audience which included several people who are actively trying to push the available technology to work harder, and are often frustrated by incompatibility and sandboxing where different devices are locked into their own predefined arrangements or are designed only to work within their own 'ecosystems'.

Interoperability (the ability of one device or technology to speak to a number of others) was certainly one of the buzz words of the day. The device manufacturers mentioned it, including the JDRF 'open protocol' iCGM standard which in development. But they were asked pointy questions about their 'bilateral agreements' for products in the works which will be designed to only work with devices from an agreed (and presumably negotiatied) partner manufacturer.

This is certainly well in evidence in the current market place and is all too often part of announcements about future tech. So Dexcom works with x and y, while Libre are collaborating with z, meanwhile Medtronic devices mostly try not to talk to any other devices if at all possible. While this almost certainly makes sense from a company perspective, it was a source of tangible frustration from users who might find a more open mix-and-match arrangement much more empowering.

The company speakers were clearly a bit nervy and uncomfortable committing to anything, preferring warm noises about 'taking steps' and 'working towards'. Abbott's decision to encrypt the data from its new Libre2 raised quite a few eyebrows, and when the explanation offered was that it was 'for safety reasons' one audience member described such a notion as abhorrent, "It's MY data! Give it to me."

The presentations by Medtronic, Diabeloop and Tidepool also shared many similar themes. Semi-automation of insulin delivery by smart systems that learn and continually adapt to the user's insulin needs as they ebb and flow. CGM data used to make minute-by-minute adjustments to reduce risk and severity of both hypos and highs, with the user only really needing to input carb count estimates for meals. All of these systems using their own algorithms and set-ups to attempt to increase the two emerging holy grails of T1 management 'time in range' and 'quality of life'. A technology which is both extremely easy to use day to day, but which gives improved outcomes. It was fascinating to hear the few snippets of detail that were sprinkled into the presentations - as always, I suspect the devil would be in the details, and whether or not it was possible to make any of these systems adapt to your own diabetes quirks. Tidepool's significant ongoing work to get a version of the 'open source' APS code approved for use by the FDA is very exciting - initially they appear to be partnering Omnipod as a delivery system. As for Diabeloop - the large Brexit-shaped elephant in the room was acknowledged in the subsequent discussion as they will not be able to launch in all European countries at once, and we could find ourselves rather on the back burner.

3 of the best
Clinical research and HCP perspective was offered in a round-table discussion jointly chaired by Diabetes UK and JDRF. Roman Hovorka (Cambridge), Pratik Choudhary (Kings College) and Lala Leelarathne (Manchester) shared their views on the current state of diabetes research and ongoing clinical trials from Loop and APS, to islet cell transplantation and encapsulation. The significant pace of change was clearly evident. In general the move from fingersticks to more continuous data and thereafter towards more automated insulin delivery. One of the challenges ahead would be to improve access to the emerging technologies and make that access more equitable. Additionally the challenges of accurately recording and monitoring 'quality of life' in health economic terms would become increasingly important in the future. Technology that you cannot access is little use. As is technology that is so onerous to use that it makes life miserable.

A brief break for a slightly delayed lunch allowed us all to catch up and compare notes from the morning's sessions.

Unfortunately I was not able to stay for the very last session of the day, but I was able to catch the first session after lunch which involved an overview of the currently available open source options chaired by Tim Street. One of the most emotionally charged and powerful moments of the day was presented by Jacob and his mum who had struggled through the required self-build steps in order to give her sporty teenage son the option to use a closed loop insulin pump. The brief video of Jacob's birthday morning and the look on his face where he unwrapped a box containing pump, reservoir, set, Android phone and CGM sensor caused more than one person in the room to wonder if it hadn't perhaps just got very dusty in there. Jacob's mum shared that it had been on leaving the first T1DRoM conference a year before that they had decided to take the plunge.

HBA1c graph showing the moment James starting with AAPS

James Woodman's encouraging presentation detailing his own journey towards looping left many people wondering if looping might be right for them too. While acknowledging that it looks scary and formidable from the outside, both of these stories had at their heart the sense that, "If I can do it, so can you". In James's opinion, the barrier is less about technical difficulty and more about self belief. And also, I would suggest, in securing the components and consumables needed to run the various systems.

All in all it was a very interesting day, and certainly gave me a lot to think about between now and December. But I will save those ponderings for another time.

If you'd like to watch the presentations, a video of the day has been posted on YouTube here.

Fiasp review, fun with 50:50, and the mystery of the missing insulin

I have been using NovoRapid for many of my 'pretending to be my pancreas' years. I had a brief dalliance with Humalog not long after we started writing this blog, but switched back to NovoRapid when I started with Artoo as my DSN had worries about accounts of Humalog crystallising in pump tubing.

One of the challenges with NovoRapid, as many users are keenly aware is that it's not very... well... rapid. NovoSluggish perhaps? NovoOhForGoodnessSakeGetAMoveOn!

When your blood glucose is stubbornly high and you dose a correction only to find it even higher an hour later it is very tempting to rage bolus it into submission with multiple additional units, only to find that you crash into low blood glucose hours later once they have all started acting together. I once wrote a post about speedboats and oil tankers outlining my frustrations around slow insulin action where everything else seems to act very fast indeed.

For those that don't know Fiasp (Faster Insulin Aspart) is the latest insulin from NovoNordisk. It is similar to NovoRapid, but has some additional ingredients that have improved the speed of onset. Official trial data shows a relatively modest improvement, but there has been much excitement in the DOC, and the early experiences shared seemed to suggest some people saw significant differences with faster action and a shorter duration.

I was keen to try Fiasp to see if I could do away with my reasonably lengthy pre-bolus at breakfast and lunch (taking insulin at least 30 minutes before beginning eating) and also to see if I could see improved/faster action of correction doses. This blog is my n=1 trial of 3 vials, I cannot say how Fiasp would work for you or anyone else, but this was what happened when I tried it.

But before we get started...
(jump to the Fiasp bit here if you're in a hurry, but you'll be missing out on some *sparkling* blogrambling)

The mystery of the missing insulin #1
When I spoke to my pump clinic about getting Fiasp they could not prescribe it because it was not yet on the hospital formulary. I had to get it from my GP who could use the PIP code to prescribe it directly. I planned to try it for 3-6 months to give me long enough to experiment with it and give it a decent go. I generally get 3 vials at a time when I order insulin. each u100 10ml insulin vial contains 1,000 units, which at my general Total Daily Dose of 30-35u should last me around a month each, more or less.

Except that they haven't.

Looking back, my insulin use has been pretty much as expected, but I used up those vials in 57 days not 90. And I am always careful to draw out every drop out of each vial, conscious of the huge privilege it is to live in a country where insulin is provided free for me by the NHS.

I had never realised before how much insulin prescribed to me goes unused. If I lived in the US with their absolutely horrendous price issues it would make a huge difference. Every set change for my insulin pump requires the tubing to be filled, and at the end of the site's life, that full tubing is discarded. I'm careful to only fill reservoirs with just enough insulin for their 3-day life, and have run them to all but empty more than once, but even then, there is a substantial measure of insulin left at the neck which you can't get to.

What this has showed me though, is that if planning a lengthy trip away, I would need at least a third more insulin than I might have guessed.

Oh and one more thing before we get going...

The mythical 50:50 split and other 'rules'

Immediately before switching - NovoRapid doing very well

I knew that changing the insulin I was using would most likely involve resetting a lot of things - ratios, factors and so on. So I decided (looking back this was probably not one of my brightest moments) that it would provide me with a useful opportunity to finally experiment with that mythical 50:50 split that some Healthcare Professionals seem quite keen on where exactly half your insulin is used for basal and half for meals. Along with the 500/100 'rules' that often get mentioned to me in clinic. I have always thought these 'rules' to be useful starting points - academically interesting, but no real substitute for systematic (and repeated) self-testing of basal insulin with fasting basal tests for example. Here was a chance to see how it worked for me.

So when I switched to Fiasp, I took an average of my Total Daily Dose (TDD) over the previous 30 days and split it exactly 50:50, then set a flat basal profile to spread that much insulin over the 24 hours. Apparently in most people with a functioning pancreas, the body uses half the insulin for food and half for background. Quite how they have worked this out is beyond me. And I've always thought, "Well surely, doesn't that depend on what you are eating??". But nevertheless the 50:50 thing still floats around and some HCPs raise eyebrows when your split is more 40% basal to 60% bolus as mine is.

Part of the reason why I half-thought this might be a useful experiment (apart from my own curiosity and thinly veiled desire to prove that it was nonsense and wouldn't work for me), was that I had read accounts by a few people who had tried Fiasp already that found it had a shorter action. By boosting my basal split to half of my TDD, I reasoned I might soften that out a little. Take less insulin with each meal, but still have some being fed-in continually in the background that I could dial down with a Temporary Basal Rate during exercise/activity.

Additionally I was wearing a CGM sensor during this period, and could watch what was going on, plus I had Smartguard to catch me overnight, just in case.

The first morning of my changing-absolutely-everything Fiasp trial showed a dramatic drop overnight - caught by Smartguard and low prevented, but enough to confirm my suspicions that a significant hike in overnight basal insulin would cause me problems going forward. Undeterred, and wanting to give the experiment more of a go I adjusted the pattern to shift some of the basal insulin into the daytime and keep the pattern at 50% of my TDD.

500 and 100 rules
The other half of my Great Big Reset experiment was to use the 500 and 100 'rules'. These are a suggestion of calculating your insulin:carbohydrate and correction factors using your TDD as a starting point:

1u of insulin covers: (500 / TDD) grams of carbohydrate
1u of insulin lowers BG by: (100 / TDD) mmol/L

The correction factor always works out very similar to the one I generally find works OK for me, but the meal ratio is always a bit of a surprise. More than once in clinic when the subject of hypoglycaemia has come up a calculator has been tapped and mentions made of what my ratio 'should be' according to the 500 rule - I often use 1:10 and 1:11, the 500 rule suggests 1:15. I've always been of the opinion that if my meal ratio were 50% out, I might have noticed, but this Brave New World was an opportunity to have a go and see what happened.

'500 Rule' boluses really struggling

After a couple of days I took stock. I had been experiencing a lot of high glucose alarms and had needed to dose several extra corrections to bring my levels back into range. Hilariously when I looked at the splits between basal and bolus I noticed that the extra corrections I had needed pushed me back almost exactly to 40:60 rather than 50:50. My diabetes can be extremely stubborn sometimes.

Additionally, I soon realised that the 500 'rule' was massively messing with my attempt to aim for 50:50. Even though I was using my TDD as a starting point, I simply do not eat enough carbohydrate most days for the 500 rule to generate half my TDD. I usually eat around 130-150g of carbohydrate per day. Don't get me wrong... I'm no sandal-wearing low carb evangelist. Sometimes I can eat 120g of carbs in a single meal - but on the whole, I find around 150g is all I need, and helps keep my BG a little more stable. The 500 rule seemed to assume I would be eating 250g of carbs a day. Which I can do, but carbier days are often the less predictable ones in my experience.

So I gradually began to tweak my basal profile and opted for more of a mid-point for meal ratios, and the experiment continued. I lasted around a week before I threw the towel in. I only hit the mythic 50:50 split on one or two days (about as many as I do using my own system to be honest). Most of the days with the 500-rule-ratios involved significant corrections due to rising levels, however quickly Fiasp may have been working. And more often than not these pushed my basal:bolus split back to where it normally sits.

Finally! The Fiasp part of the Fiasp Post
If you've waded through these ramblings so far (congratulations, some sort of perseverance medal is clearly in order) you will understand why I am choosing to pretty much ignore my first week's experience with Fiasp.

Looking back at that first week though, I will just briefly mention in passing that we were away on holiday and so there were a good few treats to test Fiasp's rapid action. I was also experimenting with not pre-bolusing for breakfast or lunch. Early results were promising once I had tweaked my ratios a little. Doses for other things, like white bread, ice cream, cake, beer did seem to be starting to act more rapidly, and where I'd misjudged things and was dosing for corrections they seemed to be starting to act within 25-30 minutes rather than my expected 60 minute wait with NovoRapid before I see much BG reduction.

I think it's fair to say that Fiasp had its work cut out because in the months before trying it, partly powered by the occasional CGM sensors I've been running this year, NovoRapid had been unusually cooperative. Many weeks with more than 80% of sensor readings in range and with almost no minutes below 4.0mmol/L.

Faster acting
After my slight false-start and once I had my ratios and basal back to more like where I would expect them to be I began to find my feet with Fiasp. During this period, here's what I found:

• I did still need to pre-bolus, but only about half as much. Perhaps 15-20 minutes at breakfast and 10-15 minutes at lunch. Much more than that and I risked dipping low before the carbs kicked-in.
• Corrections were acting faster, just as I hoped they would. This meant that my errors were resolved more quickly
• Meals where I would not normally need to pre-bolus and where I'd expect reasonable results from an 'all up front' approach I actually needed to delay the meal insulin. Setting all or part of it as a square wave/dual wave/combo
• Smartguard occasionally mangled these square and dual waves, cutting basal insulin and stopping the remaining bolus following a small dip in BG and just as the carbs began to hit, resulting in the dose only being delivered later on when I noticed what was happening. This was intensely frustrating.
• The insulin action did seem to be shorter than NovoRapid for me, or at least the way that Fiasp makes more of the dose available sooner meant that the tail was less pronounced and I reduced my duration of insulin action to better reflect 'insulin on board'
• Breakfast was my biggest challenge. Lower carb weekday ones (15-20g carbs) were relatively OK, but bigger weekend ones (45-50g carbs) were a nightmare. At some points in the year I can find I have to add an extra mini-bolus to account for my liver dumping glucose when I crawl out from under the duvet (even though my basal pattern always kicks-up at this time), but even that tried and tested strategy didn't keep me out of the teens after breakfast at the weekends. In the end I used a surprisingly strong bolus ratio that scaled the doses upwards where I was eating more.

Fiasp performing pretty well at 3-4 weeks in.

Finding the Fiasp sweet spot
There was definitely a point, when I'd been using Fiasp for about 3-4 weeks where I began to see distinct potential. There were still some horrendous numbers to be found, but there were some great successes too. For example, a Tapas meal out one Sunday with delicious breads, patatas bravas, beers and all sorts of incalcucables that was bolused late, in a series of guesses and to correct my earlier underestimates of carbiness where I could actively see Fiasp's faster action helping me out.

It was also at this time that my results around breakfast greatly improved, which helped a lot in improving my time-in-range.

What it made me realise, I suppose, was that after something like 15 years of using NovoRapid I had memorised a lot of 'exceptions to the rules'. Little tricks and strategies that I use, almost without thinking, to work around NR's particular activity profile and my individual BG response to different foods. When switching to Fiasp, I was needing to re-invent a lot of these, and discover a whole lot of new ones. If the switch was to become permanent, it would take time to build up this knowledge.

Things improving around breakfast time with Fiasp

Increasing resistance and the mystery of the missing insulin #2
Unfortunately my successes were fairly short-lived. I can see the Standard Deviation (how spread apart my BG results were) taking a leap upwards after about 10 days of beginning to feel I was making progress. During this phase of my Fiasp experiment my basal and bolus requirements seemed to be heading inexorably upwards once again (they had kicked upward after a couple of weeks, but I'd seen that happening to others and didn't stress about it too much). At the same time I was finding my earlier shorter pre-boluses less and less effective, and had more or less reverted to exactly the timings I would use with NovoRapid. Additionally, I no longer needed to dual or square wave those well known 'all up front' meals as I had in the first few weeks.

Even more perplexingly, rather than acting more rapidly, sometimes my corrections of high BG values seemed to have no effect at all. I would be watching a sensor trace waiting for a high or rising BG to be corrected and nothing would happen. I began to throw in 2u and 3u speculative 'turnaround' corrections to try to halt a rising BG only to see it continue to rise, and where I was expecting to have to mop-up the excess insulin with carbs later, the dose seemed largely to disappear entirely.

As an example, in the image you can see my BG rising after an early evening meal. The blue dots along the bottom represent corrections. The first, before 7pm was in response to an 'alert before high' which indicated I would be rising to 11mmol/L within 30 minutes. I gave a small correction (0.7u) which aimed to take the edge off the rising BG. Over an hour later, not only had the remainder of the meal bolus not reduced my BG, but the additional correction was not doing much either. By 8.20pm or so I was getting a little frustrated and bolused 3u planning to watch and wait -  mopping up with some tasty carbs once my BG had begun to drop. In the early days of Fiasp I would have expected even a modest correction to begin to lower BG within 30-45 minutes (unless immediately after eating), but over the next hour my BG continued to rise. The two corrections already on board almost doubling my meal dose. A further small correction at around 9.20pm did finally provide some BG lowering effect and I went to bed mid-range after a small snack. For anyone wondering about the condition of the infusion set - it returned to much more expected behaviour overnight and the following morning. But it was odd events such as this that rather cast a shadow on my Fiasp experiments. I began to opt for 3u and 2u over-corrections fairly often.

I was also increasingly aware of a stinging sensation at the infusion site. Not always, and sometimes stronger than others. But many infusion sites were noticeably tender to the touch.

Losing faith with Fiasp. Averages and SD rising.

Calling it a day
It was about this point where I decided that Fiasp was not going to work for me. I was nearing the end of the third vial of Fiasp and needed to put my repeat prescripton request in to restock. I decided to return to NovoRapid.

I am sure I could have made it work given enough time, but I was losing trust with it and finding it not altogether reliable or predictable. This was relatively manageable when I was wearing a CGM sensor to keep track of where doses were not behaving as expected, but I generally only use sensors occasionally and I really need an insulin that I can trust while I'm not able to watch it like a hawk.

Ultimately, I had wanted to try Fiasp to reduce or remove the need for pre-boluses, and to improve the speed of action of corrections. I had seen some evidence of these early on, but not for several weeks. And those positive attributes had apparently been replaced by a less than reliable action.

I am quite disappointed if I am honest. I continue to see lots of accounts of people getting on really well with Fiasp, enjoying lightning speed and seeing significantly improved post-meal numbers. I have also seen other accounts very similar to my experience though. So it seems that Fiasp may be an insulin that just does not work well for some people.

But for me - despite all its faults, NovoRapid has brought an immediate relief and return to significantly better results. Well... for the time being at least!

Aaand relax! Thoughts on the REPOSE trial

I've been watching Twitter with some interest today, following a conversation about a recent piece of research published by top-notch diabetes Doc, Sheffield's Dr Simon Heller.

I first heard of the REPOSE study (Relative Effectiveness of Pumps Over MDI and Structured Education) in 2016 when I was able to sneak into the Diabetes UK Professional Conference, where Dr Heller published some of the early findings. It has now been formally reviewed and published in full and, as much as I am able to understand it, I find it fascinating reading.

If you are interested, you can read the study here: http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j1285

The intention of the study was to evaluate whether insulin pumps or multiple daily injections (MDI) gave the better outcomes for people living with type 1 diabetes who have received comparable training and support. Essentially they took over 300 people, spread across multiple centres almost all of whom had HbA1c results over 7.5% and offered them structured education/training in intensive insulin therapy. Of those that undertook the training (267) the study then followed 260 people over 2 years to see what changed. Of the study group, the pump vs MDI split was approx 50:50.

What did it show?
Here are some of the results that caught my eye...

• Supporting people with effective, detailed structured-education/learning/training* in the complexities of managing type 1 diabetes improves outcomes whatever method people use to deliver their insulin (* delete the phrase/s which annoy you the most)
• On average people do a little better on insulin pumps (-0.85% with pump treatment and -0.42% for MDI)
• When results are adjusted for differences which could have skewed the data, the pump 'win' was pretty modest at around an extra -0.25% (-2.7 mmol/mol) reduction in A1c for pump users vs the MDI group - the averages may, of course, hide significant individual variation
• Pump users additionally scored better for 'quality of life' and 'treatment satisfaction'

What I find interesting, reading between the lines, is that this study almost exactly replicates my own meandering journey towards insulin pump therapy. This whole blogging endeavour sprang out of a non-Wittertainment related 'unfortunate event' which acted as a catalyst for me to re-assess my own relationship with type 1. Chiefly that reassessment was that I was nothing like as good at dealing with it as I was allowing myself to think. I then went through a period of significant re-education, not by attending a formal course, but by my own experiments and learning from others living with T1D, many of whom were using updated intensive-insulin-therapy-type approaches. After much work, and many successes (including a reduction in A1c and elimination of severe hypoglycaemia) I realised that I had reached the limit of my MDI skills, and if I wanted to improve further - which in my case meant more or less maintaining HbA1c, but further reducing mild hypoglycaemia and glucose variability, then the next step for me was an insulin pump.

The small irony is that I had been offered an insulin pump repeatedly for going on 5 years at that time, but had never liked the idea. In fact, looking back, I think if I'd accepted a pump in the years before we started writing this blog, and before I had discovered the #doc - I am really not sure whether it would have done anything much for me. Or whether I would have just have tried it for a bit and then stopped using it out of frustration.

No magic bullet
One of my take-aways from the REPOSE trial is that insulin pumps (or any other diabetes technology for that matter) are never going to entirely 'fix' things. This was certainly one of the things that put me off pump therapy for years. If many of my errant results were down to 'user-errors' of judgement, I reasoned, what difference could it make whether that 2u, 3u, 4u dose was delivered by syringe, insulin pen or pump/cannula. It's pretty obvious really - or at least it should be - but a lot of the potential power and effectiveness of insulin pump therapy comes down to the way an individual thinks about their diabetes management. The techniques they use, the strategies they have been given to review and adjust on an ongoing basis. I attended a pump users event when I had only been using Artoo for a few months and was slightly shocked to meet people who had been using insulin pumps for years but had never used (or wanted to use) the combo/dual/square/extended bolus options. It may be that they didn't need to, or that they had never been shown how to. But the lack of curiosity was a genuine surprise.

Not for everyone, and not second best
It is all too easy inside the hothouse of the 'Twitter bubble' to let yourself believe that absolutely everyone is using an insulin pump, full time CGM, Nightscout, and open-source cloud-based Artificial Pancreas algorithm. If you understand even half of that sentence, you will know exactly what I mean. But the simple truth of REPOSE is that insulin pumps are just one option, and they will suit a particular type of person, with a particular set of approaches at a particular time in their lives. That doesn't inherently make them better or worse, and it certainly doesn't make them right for everyone all the time. I loved this post by everyone's second favourite ex-teacher-Libre-wearing-cat-loving-warm-ball-of-GBDOC-loveliness Adrian Long about his continued love of multiple daily injections. People can do brilliantly on MDI, and people can do brilliantly on insulin pumps. What matters most is the support and information/training they have been given. Diabetes is going to be infuriating, uncooperative and apparently willfully disobedient whichever insulin delivery method people use. What I need, in order to face those daily frustrations is a comprehensive set of strategies, and individually tailored personalised goals to make small incremental improvements towards better outcomes. In addition a good deal of understanding and moral/psychological support goes a long way to help.

The shiny gadget effect, sticks and carrots
I do find myself wondering about the possible catalytical nature of a new piece of diabetes technology. For some people, and I think I might be one, having a shiny new diabetes toy (or the promise of one) can re-energise them into a new, more active relationship with their diabetes management. It may also be that people who have never really fancied attending Structured Education, for a whole host of reasons, may decide to take the plunge in order to get access to the technology they are hoping will help.

I'm not altogether sure how I feel about this if I am honest.

I would hope that REPOSE leads to more individualised, supportive care, rather than people being forced to unnecessarily attend officially endorsed education courses purely to box-tick the process (and add delay into the bargain). My own journey towards pump therapy was excellent in that regard. In the pre-pump assessment I was offered the education, but in conversation it was decided that I was already using exactly the techniques and strategies that the course advocated, so that it was entirely up to me whether I thought it would be beneficial or not. I would not want people who might excel at pump therapy to be put off by a hardline education requirement... but at the same time, my own experience tells me that often you don't know what you don't know. And that many people who attend diabetes education expecting very little from it actually leave the course with their relationship with their own diabetes utterly transformed.

Worries
My slight worry in all this, is not what this study actually shows, but more how it might potentially be interpreted and skim-read - short version: pumps expensive and not much better. The current guidance over the use of insulin pumps (and when people may additionally benefit from CGM) is pretty clear cut. And yet, some people in some places find themselves having to jump through interminable hoops, or simply get enquiries brushed off for having 'too good an HbA1c'.

Insulin pump therapy really does work well for some people, but it is expensive and the 'working well' does not come automatically. What I hope comes out of all this is a greater level of support and assistance both for pump users and MDI whizzes to aim for those elusive  and aspirational treatment targets alongside a decent quality of life and an avoidance of diabetes burnout. With finite NHS resources it is only right that these therapies are used effectively, and clearly a vital component of that is the support, education and encouragement that people receive, not just initially, but on an on-going basis.

Simply blindly chucking technology at T1 is never going to work.

I'd be interested in your thoughts on this trial, and how you think it might impact you in your journey with diabetes. Please do leave a comment below.

64 Days with the Minimed 640G - A year on

Someone at Medtronic expressed an interest in some of us who video-blogged as part in their '64 days with the MM640G' trial to post a follow-up after a year to say how we were getting on. Well I slightly missed the deadline, but such is life at the moment. I still have a post waiting in the wings that I've been wanting to write since March. Somewhat unexpectedly I have managed to get it put together this week - partly because the battery state on my pump was right for something I wanted to share.

I still really like the MM640G. It's a bit big, it's a bit clunky, and it's a bit of an ugly-duckling in the looks department, but it still works well for me. And if I were choosing this week from the current crop of available devices, I would opt for it again. So much of it does exactly what I want... rock solid dose reliability, great handling of temporary basal rates and basal patterns, handy home screen showing most of what I want instantly. And if I could afford the wizardy of sensors I know from experience that I would love it even more.

Unfortunately, what tends to happen with me, the longer I live with a piece of diabetes technology, is that I find more gripes and niggles with it. So fair warning, this is a bit nit-picky.

So here you go... some moaning about repeat button presses, slightly over-cautious menu-language, that darned screen unlock thing, the flippy-floppy belt clip and, perhaps most importantly the battery check that will reject a battery if it has anything less than absolutely full charge.

Enjoy!

Watch the video

Edinburgh, encouragement and a call to arms

This week I have been lucky enough to be invited to speak at the 55th St Andrew's Day Symposium, hosted by the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh. I was given the topic of 'apps and technology' in relation to managing a long-term condition like diabetes, but obviously - not content with that - I managed to sprinkle in a wafer-thin analogy of what living with type 1 is like, along with all sorts of stuff about the #doc and the transformative potential of online peer support communities.

I tried to cover the infuriatingly fickle nature of type 1 diabetes, mentioned a few 'old favourites' like mySugr and the Accu-Chek Expert which have helped me attempt to tame my own 'diabetes monster' and also just a few of the many other things that I know help others in different ways. Gathering data and then learning to be able to apply it to make small improvements. Not forgetting, of course, the support you can get from those facing the same battles every day, whether in terms of just keeping going when it all falls to pieces (again!), or in people sharing experiences and strategies that work for them that you can consider for your own self-management.

It seemed to go relatively well, and people were very encouraging - but the absolute stand-out for me about the whole experience were the conversations I had with some passionate diabetologists after the session had ended. I had deliberately avoided focussing too much attention on the more obvious technological advances like pumps and CGM, as I had wanted the talk to have as wide a reach as possible, and also perhaps fire the imaginations of clinicians working in other disciplines as to how they might make use of similar apps/peer support resources in their own specialism.

Speaking to those diabetes specialists afterwards was something of a call to arms. Much money is being spent on healthcare in the UK which does *not* have the ongoing quality of life benefit for individuals that sensor augmented pump therapy offers - let alone the extension of life for pump users as shown in recent research. The case was made to me that it is time the diabetes online community stopped being so darned understanding about the lack of funding for sensor-augmented pump therapy. The time for accepting defeat has passed, and as more and more data are made available from increasingly positive trials, we need to start banging the table if we are ever to move pump/CGM into the mainstream in the UK.

I got the distinct feeling that there are many clinicians who feel strongly that this is the way forward for type 1 care, but that patient voices as part of that change are crucial. Certainly the impact of patient support in Scotland's wider adoption of pump therapy in recent years sets an encouraging precedent.

Yes I *know* we go on about it all the time among ourselves (often with a resigned sigh and bit of self-funding) - but perhaps the moment has come to really start ramping up the pressure.

Disclaimer. My travel, and accommodation was paid for, but I was not paid to prepare or deliver my talk. I was also invited to attend a swanky dinner at the end of the Symposium which was lovely.